Evolution Old New Or the Theories of Buffon Dr Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck as compared with that of Charles Darwin Samuel Butler
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Evolution Old New Or the Theories of Buffon Dr Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck as compared with that of Charles Darwin Samuel Butler
This book, written about 1879, gives a view of evolution different from the "standard" Darwinian one. You will probably not agree with it, but it is nevertheless well worth reading. Samuel Butler had no credentials as a biologist, being better known as a novelist. The book is valuable in making clear that Darwin did not pluck evolution out of thin air; there was already a substantial debate between the evolutionists, who believed that species changed through time, eventually creating new species, and the creationists who believed that they were constant. The problem for evolutionists was the mechanism. Butler claims that Darwin had dealt with only the easy part of the problem: "survival of the fittest", which Butler accepts, only acts on the results of the variation within species. Butler is concerned with the origin of that variation, which Darwin merely describes as random.Butler quotes extensively from Buffon, Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin's grandfather) and Lamarck. Butler departs from Charles Darwin in believing that organisms are designed. But where is the designer? Butler's answer is that the organism's designer is itself, or rather its complete ancestry. These days we could express this by saying that its designer is its genome, but in those pre-genetics days, all they could say was "heredity". Butler follows Lamarck, who made variation directed, and the result of perceived need; at what level of consciousness is not at all discussed.
The book ends with two curious appendices. The first quotes adverse responses to the first edition. The second hopes that the Roman Catholic Church - to which Butler does not belong - might evolve into some form which would eventually unite the whole of mankind.
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Evolution Old New Or the Theories of Buffon Dr Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck as compared with that of Charles Darwin Samuel Butler Reviews
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This book, written about 1879, gives a view of evolution different from the "standard" Darwinian one. You will probably not agree with it, but it is nevertheless well worth reading. Samuel Butler had no credentials as a biologist, being better known as a novelist. The book is valuable in making clear that Darwin did not pluck evolution out of thin air; there was already a substantial debate between the evolutionists, who believed that species changed through time, eventually creating new species, and the creationists who believed that they were constant. The problem for evolutionists was the mechanism. Butler claims that Darwin had dealt with only the easy part of the problem "survival of the fittest", which Butler accepts, only acts on the results of the variation within species. Butler is concerned with the origin of that variation, which Darwin merely describes as random.
Butler quotes extensively from Buffon, Erasmus Darwin (Charles Darwin's grandfather) and Lamarck. Butler departs from Charles Darwin in believing that organisms are designed. But where is the designer? Butler's answer is that the organism's designer is itself, or rather its complete ancestry. These days we could express this by saying that its designer is its genome, but in those pre-genetics days, all they could say was "heredity". Butler follows Lamarck, who made variation directed, and the result of perceived need; at what level of consciousness is not at all discussed.
The book ends with two curious appendices. The first quotes adverse responses to the first edition. The second hopes that the Roman Catholic Church - to which Butler does not belong - might evolve into some form which would eventually unite the whole of mankind.
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